Great Gatsby Free Essays

In the novel The Great Gatsby, Fitzgerald depends on the reoccurring picture of Tom and Daisy next to each other, confined by a square of counterfeit light to underline their degenerate marriage. In spite of the fact that Daisy gripes about how hopeless she is inside her marriage, their essential similarity is clarified by Fitzgerald’s utilization of the fake light in the start of the novel. The second event of the fake light is experienced at one of Gatsby’s parties. We will compose a custom article test on Extraordinary Gatsby or then again any comparable subject just for you Request Now Daisy invests a significant measure of energy with Gatsby at the gathering, while Tom seeks after a lady he has met. The couple is in the end joined by their shared snootiness inside the â€Å"distinguished mystery society† Gatsby can't appreciate. This prompts Tom and Daisy standing next to each other toward the finish of the night surrounded in â€Å"ten square feet of light† radiating from Gatsby’s front entryway. The casing of light at that point shows up for the third and last time after Daisy coincidentally runs over Myrtle Wilson driving Gatsby’s car.After the terrible mishap, Nick comes to â€Å"a little square shape of light† at the window of Tom and Daisy’s house, where the couple is sitting together, connected at the hip, apparently in understanding. The scene depicts Tom and Daisy as â€Å"well coordinated, joined in common defilement. † Gatsby is in the end killed for running over Myrtle, something Daisy did, accordingly leaving Tom and Daisy and their marriage unblemished. Regardless of the rehashed symbolism of Tom and Daisy surrounded in counterfeit light, ironicly at long last it is Gatsby who is eventually encircled by the degenerate couple. The most effective method to refer to Great Gatsby, Papers Incredible Gatsby Free Essays This concentrate builds up both the physical and emblematic estimations of the setting in the Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzgerald. It likewise furnishes us with the characteristics of the characters in the novel corresponding to the topical core interest. We will compose a custom paper test on Incredible Gatsby or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now The setting is additionally representative of Fritzgerald’s parody of 1920s New York way of life , especially stressing on the American dream , social class and cash. Preceding the concentrate, Nick starts by remarking on himself, expressing his characteristics; resistance and inclination to hold decisions as one of them. In the mid year of 1922, Nick Carraway has quite recently shown up in New York and is living in a piece of Long Island known as West Egg. Fitzgerald sets up Nick Carraway as an unbiased storyteller however not a detached one. From the novel’s opening passage forward, this will proceed make an inside clash for Nick himself. Since notwithstanding the way that Gatsby speaks to all that Nick detests, Nick can't resist the opportunity to respect him. Geologically, the distinctions of the high societies are represented by two neighborhoods of Long Island, New York â€Å"Twenty miles from the city a couple of colossal eggs, indistinguishable in shape and isolated by a graciousness narrows, stick out into . . . Long Island Sound. . . n capturing marvel is their disparity in each specific aside from shape and size. † Fitzgerald keeps on stressing the social divisions between the two Eggs and their occupants with brilliant symbolism which creates representative importance. Scratch lives in Long Island in what is known as the West Egg. The West Egg is situated over the sound from the East Egg. Scratch, subsequent to depicting his territory as the less chic of the two, keeps on admitting that â€Å"this is a most shallow tag to communicate the odd and not a little vile differentiation between them. The connection among geology and social qualities is a significant theme in The Great Gatsby. Each setting in the novel compares to a specific topical thought or character type. This concentrate presents the two most significant settings in the novel, East Egg and West Egg. Despite the fact that each is home to the well off they are isolated as Nick says â€Å"by a politeness bay†, the two districts are inverse in the qualities they maintain. East Egg speaks to taste, and gentry while West Egg speaks to pomposity and the gaudy habits of the new rich. East Egg is related with the Buchanans and the repetitiveness of their acquired social position, while West Egg is related with Gatsby’s grandiose manor. Scratch is pulled in to the quick paced way of life of New York. In any case, it is conflicting on the grounds that he additionally finds that way of life bizarre and harming. This internal clash is represented all through the book by Nick’s sentimental issue with Jordan Baker. He is pulled in to her vivacity and her modernity similarly as he is repulsed by her unscrupulousness and her absence of thought for others. The subsequent difference is between the city scenes and the rural ones. Like Nick Carraway, Tom Buchanan and Jay Gatsby drive into the city for their separate professions. The ladies are deserted. This topographical gap is likewise a sex fringe. Be that as it may, the city is significant in different ways, as well; Tom just associates with his special lady in the city, and Gatsby just observes Meyer Wolfsheim there. The two of them utilize the city to conceal their goings-on from the individuals they esteem on Long Island. The setting in the Great Gatsby is firmly identified with the Concept of the American Dream in the novel. The American dream was initially about revelation, independence, and the quest for bliss. During the 1920s portrayed in the novel, nonetheless, income sans work and loosened up social qualities have tainted this fantasy, particularly on the East Coast. One of the significant subjects investigated in The Great Gatsby is the human science of riches, explicitly, how the new rich are isolated from the old privileged rich who live on the East Egg In the novel, West Egg and its natives speak to the recently rich, while East Egg and its occupants, particularly Daisy and Tom, speak to the old nobility. Fitzgerald depicts the recently rich as being profane, grandiose, showy, and ailing in decent behaviors and taste. Gatsby, for instance, lives in a gigantically fancy chateau, wears a pink suit, drives a Rolls-Royce, and doesn't get on unpretentious social signs, for example, the craftiness of the Sloanes’ greeting to lunch. Conversely, the old privileged has beauty, taste, nuance, and polish, encapsulated by the Buchanans’ elegant home and the streaming white dresses of Daisy and Jordan Baker. What the old nobility has in taste, be that as it may, it appears to need heart, as the East Eggers substantiate themselves indiscreet, rude domineering jerks who are so used to money’s capacity to facilitate their psyches that they never stress over harming others. The Buchanans represent this generalization when, toward the finish of the novel, they essentially move to another house far away as opposed to deign to go to Gatsby’s burial service. The setting in the Great Gatsby is firmly identified with the Concept of the American Dream in the novel. Daisy is enamored with cash, simplicity, and material extravagance. She is equipped for fondness (she appears to be truly partial to Nick and at times appears to cherish Gatsby earnestly), however not of continued reliability or care. She is uninterested even to her own baby girl, never talking about her and regarding her as an idea in retrospect when she is presented in Chapter 7. In Fitzgerald’s origination of America during the 1920s, Daisy speaks to the irreverent estimations of the privileged East Egg set. The most effective method to refer to Great Gatsby, Papers Extraordinary Gatsby Free Essays extraordinary gatsby Character |Behavior |Consequences | Jay Gatsby | He had an enthusiastic need for| He lost daisy as a result of his enthusiasm for cash | |money and would forfeit | |anything to get it | |Daisy Buchanan | Never joined her self to | Lost Gatsby’s love | |anyone or anything | |Tom Buchanan | Very discourteous and bossy. Expects | Marriage issues/Selfish | |people to â€Å"jump through hoops†| | |for him | |Jordan Baker | Falls for another person | Nick leaves and stays away for the indefinite future | |â | |Myrtle Wilson |â distressed in needing to | She utilizes infidelity to attempt to improve her life | |improve her dull life | |George Wilson | Lifeless and not at all | Kills Gatsby and afterward himself | |motivated | |Part II: The Great Gatsby: The American Dream | |In your supposition, what is â€Å"The American Dream†? I believe that the American Dream is to be effective throughout everyday life. Everybody has objectives | |that they set for themselves and some get accomplished and some don’t. We will compose a custom paper test on Incredible Gatsby or on the other hand any comparable theme just for you Request Now As I would like to think being effective is having a family, working in| |a profession that you love, and simply making every moment count. | |According to the media, promotions, pay rates, and society by and large, what is â€Å"The American Dream†? How does this think about to| |your meaning of â€Å"The American Dream†? | |List at any rate five components that make up Jay Gatsby’s American Dream. On the graph | |For every one of the five components you recorded being referred to 3, consider what's going on with either Gatsby’s idea of the fantasy or the | |way he endeavors to accomplish it. On the graph | |As you read the novel, duplicate down a particular citation or citations that most identify with the idea of the American Dream as it | |is introduced in the novel. â€Å"That’s my Middle West . . . the road lights and sleigh chimes in the chilly dim. . . . I see now | |that this has been an account of the West, after allâ€Tom and Gatsby, Daisy and Jordan and I, were all Westerners, and maybe we | |possessed some inadequacy in like manner which made us quietly inadaptable to Eastern life. â€Å" | |â€Å"Gatsby trusted in the green light, the orgastic future that step by step retreats before us. It evaded us at that point, yet thatâ€

The Hours-Critique Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The Hours-Critique - Essay Example What hues the entire film is the information that Virginia Woolf will end her own life toward the finish of the story because of her psychological maladjustment (Ehlen 45). These thoughts and numerous others warrant a closer assessment and explanation of the musings present in the film. In that capacity, this paper will look to distinguish and concentrate on the thoughts of the film â€Å"The Hours†. In the first place, as the three fundamental characters keep on scanning for an importance in their lives, they assess self destruction to be a methods for maintaining a strategic distance from the issues they experience. Laura, Clarissa, and Virginia have a high believability towards their observations and affectability concerning their general surroundings. Each snapshot of their lives, crosses with their assessment of how they feel about living. In this manner, they now and again consider passing to be an answer for their issues that is the reason they continually consider endi ng it all (59). Given her psychological sickness, Virginia considers passing as the main way out of her abusive viewpoints throughout her life. As we investigate the film, we find that she at last finishes her life towards the finish of the story. Since we realize Virginia ended her own life, it is justifiable that her consultations concerning Clarissa are halfway her very own impression singular battle and endeavor with the possibility of self destruction. Also, while in a similar all inclusive investigation of the scholarly work of Cunningham, the possibility of people interesting with the possibility of mortality rotates around the three fundamental characters. Virginia takes her own life because of her parts of abuses following her psychological instability. Laura Brown then again, encounters emotions that makes see her caught by the limitations of her capacity as a rural homemaker. Because of these emotions, she thinks about self destruction as the main conceivable break. At ri ght now, closing the racket and gab of living lures this character. Nonetheless, since she is a scholarly person, from the start, she discovers her interest with ending it all is an intrigue, which has a scholastic goal. Accordingly, the idea of not having the option to continue with the executing enters her thoughts continually (66). Notwithstanding her idea and dreams, the sentiment of requirements happens to her more and she begins assessing killing herself with a genuine note. The possibility of Laura’s self destruction plan is not, at this point speculative when she remains at the mirror while gazing at the dozing pills. The obligation of Michael Cunningham to Virginia is excessively self-evident. Therefore, a few pundits made plans to utilize the term pastiche with the perspective on depicting his novel. For example, as Mrs. Dalloway opens and as Clarissa plans for a gathering in one fine morning in June, she leaves from home to get a few blossoms. This portrayal discov ers its reverberation when the second part of The Hours opens. Extreme explanation of this film calls attention to that, a depiction that appears and portrays what the crowd as of now expects is excessively self-evident. All things considered, we see the ladies inside this film attempting to characterize the condition of their lives inside the jobs that society set for them without yielding their individual personalities (81). At times, ladies, for example, Clarissa believes that she is excessively household and Laura feels caught inside the existence she winds up living. This is a reasonable sign portraying that ladies of The Hours have fluctuating degrees consoling their individual jobs. Examination of this circumstance achieves oblige of cultural jobs where trappings and home life of ladies shows its

How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking

How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking Print How You Can Prepare to Quit Smoking By Terry Martin facebook twitter Terry Martin quit smoking after 26 years and is now an advocate for those seeking freedom from nicotine addiction. Learn about our editorial policy Terry Martin Updated on September 25, 2018 Synergee / E+ / Getty Images More in Addiction Nicotine Use How to Quit Smoking After You Quit Nicotine Withdrawal Smoking-Related Diseases The Inside of Cigarettes Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Drug Use Coping and Recovery A little preparation goes a long way when it comes to smoking cessation. It puts you in the drivers seat when you quit smoking and will help you get your mind geared up for the big day. Its a good idea to plan your quit date no more than a week or two ahead of time. Any more than that, and youre likely to lose momentum. An Educated Quit Is a Successful Quit Read everything you can get your hands on about nicotine addiction and what to expect as you heal from it. Also, make use of our  busy support community as well, where folks at all stages of recovery are sharing their experiences.   From what to expect when you quit smoking, to what smoking does to our health, education is a vital part of a successful quit program. It forces us to take the blinders off.  Most smokers navigate around the details of smoking-related  dangers whenever possible. Its called smokers denial, and the sooner you start looking at this addiction straight on, the quicker youll be on the road to recovery. Start a Quit Journal A  journal is a terrific  quit aid. Start it with  your list of reasons to quit smoking. Follow it  with two more lists: Rewards â€"  small rewards for making it through the day smoke-free are a good way to reinforce what you are working hard to do ... and they help offset the instant gratification we all received multiple times each day from lighting up. Simple things like a long, hot bath or having someone else do the cooking can be on this list.  Try to make them fun and relaxing/rejuvenating.Craving Busters â€" create a list of activities you can do at a moments notice when the urge to smoke surfaces.  The idea is to quickly jolt yourself out of the negative thought pattern that comes with cravings by changing your activity.  Five minutes is enough to shake a craving loose and a list of activities helps you take control fast. From there, use  your  journal to log your daily progress. Make an effort to jot down a couple of sentences about your day before you go to bed each  night.   Weeks down the road, you may have a bad day when smoking seems to be all you can think about.     Looking back in a journal at your first days will give you perspective on your progress and make it easier to not let that bad day get you down. Get a Check-Up Make an appointment with your doctor  for a physical and let him/her know that youre going to quit smoking. Its a great time to discuss quit  aids  and get advice on what product might  be best suited for you. Ask your doctor whether you might benefit from a vitamin supplement. Smoking depletes nutrients from our bodies.  A multi-vitamin can give you a head start on rebuilding your health and vitality. These simple steps will get you thinking in practical terms about quitting, as well as lining up some tools to help you manage the first days of smoking cessation more easily.

The Great City Of Detroit - 1303 Words

In the 2013 mayoral election in Detroit, MI, the citizens experienced in a close race {55%-45%} the victorious win of Michael E. Duggan over Benny N. Napoleon, to become the first white mayor to lead the city in four decades. The great city of Detroit has for long experienced much calamity that has permeated throughout every vein in Detroit, leading to the city’s its decrepit semblance. Mayor Michael E. Duggan has brought to the city an energy that has been much needed and deserved to those residents that dream of the return of the motor city they once knew. In the run for the mayor of Detroit, MI in 2013, According to the article â€Å"Detroit Mayor Election 2013 Has 22 Candidates, Though Powers Reduced Under Emergency Manager†(Huffington Post), it began with a surplus of candidates that believed they could raise Detroit from the unwanted conditions of insolvency and neighborhood safety. By end of the primary elections, Michael E. Duggan and Benny N. Napoleon were of the only two remaining candidates. The democrat Michael E. Duggan, prior to his run for Mayor, was notably known for his former positions as a county prosecutor and CEO of Detroit Medical Center. His former position as CEO of the Detroit Medical Center and the backing of corporate interest groups helped surmount him to the role of mayor of Detroit –The people believed that he could translate what he did for his company to the greater Detroit economy, which was revitalize the city economic flow. The notableShow MoreRelatedThe Great City Of Detroit1777 Words à ‚  |  8 PagesEveryone knows Detroit has its fair share of issues. Including abandoned homes, snow removal unsightly lawns and vacant lots, crime, bad roads, old plumbing nonworking street lights and many other problems. It is time to come together Detroit was once a beautiful city and can be once more the architectural dream in the early 19th century. The craftsmanship has declined the hand carved wood trim, stained glass windows and many other antiquates that made Detroit the great motor city and one if theRead MoreCadillac Hotel For Our Project1081 Words   |  5 Pagespeople of Detroit in 2014? I wondered the exact same thing when my group decided to focus on the Book-Cadillac Hotel for our project. When presented with the list of choices for this assignment, we saw a few familiar Detroit landmarks – The Motown Museum, Comerica Park, and Fox Theatre, for example. Our group figured that we should choose a place that we had never even heard of so we could have the oppor tunity to learn some of the history of Detroit, while also learning about the people of Detroit; andRead MoreThe Success Of The City Of Detroit1575 Words   |  7 PagesThe city of Detroit was the city of opportunity, wealth and place where anyone could pursue their American dream. In early 1910’s innovative inventor, Henry Ford brought automobile industry into american soil. First and biggest factories of automobile manufacturing was opened in several places in Detroit. Detroit became third biggest city in the United States with largest population during 1950s. Automobile manufacturing was the base of Detroit’s economy for decades. However, today its not like itRead MoreEssay about The Real Side of Detroit: The Diverse City1663 Words   |  7 PagesDetroit is a very well-known and diverse city. â€Å"Somewhere behind its neglected, graffiti covered skyscrapers are charming reminders of a city that was once among the world’s wealthiest† (Gray). This ci ty has been through a lot. Detroit was first founded by the French in 1701 and then used as a fur trade post. Jumping a little in the future, it has had riots and protest for equal rights among its busy streets. Detroit is also known as the Motor City. â€Å"By the mid-twentieth century one in every sixRead MoreThe Long Before Detroit Became A Powerhouse1588 Words   |  7 Pagesreached an all time high. The city was booming with the help of the Automotive industry. Underneath the excitement and prosperity, greater powers were taking effect, permanently changing this region.These outside influences are what fostered Detroit’s rise to power as well as its great demise. Long before Detroit became a powerhouse, events were taking effect that would have a clear ripple effect in later years. As early as 1916 African-Americans were heading north. The Great Migration was spurred byRead MoreThe Guardian Building Of Downtown Detroit913 Words   |  4 PagesBuilding of downtown Detroit. When deciding to go to a historical site in the city, I was drawn in by the history of the place. I am relatively new to the city and when I heard about this place, I knew that’s where I wanted to go. When our group traveled together to the site, it became apparent why this building is not only important to Detroit, but to all cities. The Guardian Building was not only a great fixture of the past, but it is a leading example of the efforts to bring a city back to greatnessRead MoreDevelopment of the world without religion1640 Words   |  7 Pagesand inexperienced individual. On the contrary, Professionals who plan out many different cities and different agglomera tions throughout various parts of the world are the only ones who can succeed at creating these developments. Some of the categories involved with urban geography include the success and downfalls of cities and metropolises as a whole, suburbanization, and impacts on class. When we see cities collapse and metropolises collapse we are all of the sudden in shock and become a frightenedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie Requiem For Detroit 1338 Words   |  6 PagesJulien Temple in his 2010 documentary, Requiem For Detroit?, brought light to the evolution of the motorcar industry in Detroit and how it affected the development process throughout the state. Detroit’s development was dependent on the modernised industrial revolution that brought forth the expansion of suburban life and growing consumerism. This also came to be known as the ‘American dream’. He also foregrounds to his viewers, what a post capitalist society looks like which came as a result ofRead MoreCase Study : Detroit s Death Spiral1479 Words   |  6 PagesCase Study: Detroit’s Death Spiral Introduction On July 18, 2013, Detroit filed Chapter 9 bankruptcy and make it become the largest municipal bankruptcy in United States history. The center of the automobile industry in the United States currently famous with the stereotype as ‘the ghost city’ – the worst city in the state where people don’t want to come with $ 18 billion debt. There are three main factors behind Detroit bankruptcy, they lost their revenue sources, they spend too much, and the governmentRead MoreThe Tragedy Of Detroit, The Motor City1705 Words   |  7 Pages Detroit, the motor city, known by many for cars and to others for being the murder capital of the world. This has caused many people to stop visiting and exclude Detroit from being a place of interest. I have lived here all my life, and yes, it has had its rough times, but lately Detroit has been improving drastically. The causes of the city to improve were to make people already living here feel safer. Moreover, to change our illustration as one of the most dangerous cities. In addition to this

How to Make Sulfuric Acid at Home

Sulfuric acid is a useful acid to have on hand for a variety of home chemistry projects. However, it is not easy to obtain. Fortunately, you can make it yourself. Homemade Sulfuric Acid Materials This method starts with diluted sulfuric acid, which you boil to make concentrated sulfuric acid. This is the safest and easiest method of making sulfuric acid at home. Here are the items youll need for the project: Car battery acidGlass containerOutdoor source of heat, like a grill Battery acid, which may be purchased at an automotive supply store, is approximately 35% sulfuric acid. In many cases, this will be strong enough for your activities, but if you need concentrated sulfuric acid, you just need to remove the water. The resulting acid will not be as pure as reagent-grade sulfuric acid. Safest Method If you arent in a hurry, you can concentrate sulfuric acid by allowing the water to evaporate naturally. This takes several days. Place an open container of sulfuric acid somewhere with good circulation, safe from the possibility of a spill.Loosely cover the container to minimize contamination with dust and other particulates.Wait. The water will evaporate out of the solution, eventually leaving you with concentrated sulfuric acid. Note that sulfuric acid is highly hygroscopic, so it will retain a certain amount of water. You would need to heat the liquid to drive off the remaining water. Quickest Method The fastest method to concentrate sulfuric acid is to boil the water out of the acid. This is fast but requires extreme care. Do this outdoors using borosilicate glass (Pyrex or Kimax) so you wont be exposed to acid fumes. There is always a risk of shattering a glass container no matter what you are heating, so you need to be prepared for that possibility. Do not leave this project unattended. Heat the battery acid in a borosilicate glass pan.When the liquid level stops dropping, you will have concentrated the acid as much as you can. At this point, the steam will be replaced by white vapor, too. Be careful to avoid inhaling the fumes.Allow the liquid to cool before transferring it to another container.Seal the container to prevent water from the air getting into the acid. If the container is left open too long, the sulfuric acid will become diluted. Safety Notes Its advisable to keep baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) or another base on hand. If you spill some acid, you can quickly neutralize it by reacting it with the baking soda. Simply sprinkle baking soda on the spill.Be careful to avoid contact with the sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is one of the strong acids. It is extremely corrosive and will react vigorously and unpleasantly with skin, mucous membranes, clothing, and just about anything else it touches. Do not breathe the vapors; do not touch the acid; and do not spill it. Tie long hair back, wear goggles and gloves, and cover exposed skin.Dont use metal pans or utensils. Sulfuric acid reacts with metal. Also, it will attack some types of plastic. Glass is a good choice.Sulfuric acid reacts with water in an exothermic reaction, but dilution with water is the best way to deal with an acid spill. Have copious amounts of water available, just in case something goes wrong. You can flood a small amount of acid with water. One the acid is dil uted, it can be neutralized with a weak base, such as baking soda. Caution: Sulfuric acid will splash when mixed with water. If you are going to work with this acid, know and respect its properties. Fast Facts: Making Sulfuric Acid Diluted sulfuric acid may be concentrated by boiling the liquid.Because fumes will be involved, its best to concentrate sulfuric acid outdoors or under a fume hood. Battery Acid Safety Battery acid may not be on the shelf, so ask for it. It may be sold in five-gallon boxes, with the acid in a heavy-duty plastic bag and a plastic tube to dispense the liquid. The box is heavy; it would be disastrous to drop it. Its practical to dispense a working volume of acid rather than try to deal with the entire container. Although the acid may come in a plastic container, its best to store this acid in a glass bottle. Sulfuric acid reacts with some types of plastic and may corrode a plastic container. A glass wine bottle with a plastic screw-top cap is one good container. Whatever container you use, label it as sulfuric acid and poison and store it somewhere that children and pets cant get to it. Also, dont store acid with ammonia because the two chemicals mix to release toxic fumes.

Food Security Bill Free Essays

Food Security Bill: Good politics to deliver bad economics A bill duly tabled in Parliament promises to give legal right to subsided food to two- thirds of the country 1. 2 billion population. The ambitious proposal should be seen in the context of India being home to roughly one third of the world’s poor; where over 70 per cent of children are malnourished and about 10 million or more people die of chronic hunger or hunger-related diseases every year. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Security Bill or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Food Security Bill, the PUPA-l’s flagship scheme, envisages the distribution of heat, rice and coarse grains at Just RSI 2, RSI 3 and Reel a kilo each to about 65 per cent of the population ? 75 per cent of them in rural areas and the rest in cities and towns. Add to that, some entitlements to ‘special groups,’ like destitute or homeless persons, who will be entitled to at least one meal a day. Through this world’s largest experiment of providing food grain to poor, the government plans to double its food subsidies to 2 per cent of the GAP. If the government machinery is able to deliver on Congress chief Sonic Sandhog’s pet project, it could mean the end to country widespread malnutrition and poverty elatedly soon! â€Å"It’s a most thoughtful and timely action, in the light of coming UP elections and thereafter the 2014 general elections,† said Proof B B Apothecary, eminent economist and former vice-chancellor of Charlatan Nehru University. Then what is the glamour all about? Why are some people hell-bent on opposing it? The general view is that if the government can pull it off, it can be the biggest trump card for the PUPA government, at a time when nothing seems to be working in its favor at the moment ? neither politics nor economics. Bad economics But, one very important factor worth taking notice is: the scheme can severely impact on Indian’s economic growth prospects, should the populist measure be brought into force. The proposed Food Security Bill came on a day (Thursday) when the Reserve Bank of India also came out with its Financial Stability Report, which categorically states that Indian’s inflation risk remains high and a slowdown in revenue collections and higher spending on subsidies may make it challenging for the government to achieve the fiscal deficit target of 4. 6 per cent of the Gross Domestic Product (GAP) this financial year (2011-12). It also said that Indian’s trade deficit for this fiscal is expected to widen sharply to between $1 55 billion and $160 billion from a little above $104 billion a year ago. Should the bill be passed and implemented. But, it is the trade deficit, which will soar manifold since the government will have to resort to large scale import of food grain as our own grain output is not adequate to handle such a voluminous expenditure programmer. It will worsen the fiscal deficit situation, but more than that it is Indian’s trade deficit which will be hit hard as the programmer will require 70-80 million tones of more DOD grain every year. India obviously does not produce that much and the shortfall will have to be met from imports,† said Proof Apothecary. The country produces 225-230 million tones of food grain every year barring a bumper crop year when the output surges by a few million tones more. Where will the rest come from, if not from overseas market! Economists opine, it will increase food inflation. Analysts at Kodak Maidenhair Bank said that besides skewing the food inflation to a higher side, the move will also result in rise in prices of food grain for non- beneficiaries of the programmer. There will be pressure on prices of food for those outside this scheme,† an economist of Kodak said. Procurement problem As regards the increased requirement of food grain for distribution under the Act, Union food minister K V Thomas said only 15 per cent more supplies would be needed as the Centre is already distributing 526. Lack tones through public distribution system, while the estimated demand under the Act will be 607. 4 Lack tones. He said government can even procure more for the purpose. Currently, government procures only 30 per cent of the total production. But, what about government’s delivery mechanism? â€Å"If the government goes in for enlarging the public distribution system without revamping it, where is the guarantee that the intended food grain will reach the poor? ,† Apothecary asked. Then there is problem of storage. Currently, the state-run Food Corporation of India and the Central Warehousing Corporation have the capacity to store 87 million tones of grain. The COW has 487 warehouses with a capacity of 10. 6 million, while the FCC, with 1,500 godsons, accounts for the rest. The new measure, according to experts, will cost an additional sum of RSI 27,000 core annually to the exchequer, while the government puts it at RSI 21 ,OHO core by way of subsidies. But, the question is: can a government, burdened with whopping food, fuel and fertilizer subsidies, afford such a large expenditure programmer, especially when the Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Scheme is already drilling a large whole in the nation’s kitty? Policymakers say that the government can find resources provided it cuts down or Bill. But the government is unlikely to do that, as it will not go down well among the voters in an election year. How to cite Food Security Bill, Essays Food Security Bill Free Essays FOOD SECURITY BILL:- The National Food Security Bill 2011 promises a legal right to cheap food for the poorest in the country. While India currently provides subsidized wheat and rice to the poor, this legislation would make food cheaper and provide more of it to poor families. The bill aims to cover 75 percent of rural households and 50 percent of urban households. We will write a custom essay sample on Food Security Bill or any similar topic only for you Order Now So far, discussion of the bill in the Indian media has focused on the cost of providing more cheap food – the bill would increase government spending by more than 200 billion rupees, or $3. 5 billion, annually. India’s agriculture minister, Sharad Pawar, has said it might be difficult for the government to buy enough grain to sustain the program. Congress party opponents argue that it is being introduced solely to garner votes ahead of upcoming elections. First, the bill proposes a new way of identifying beneficiaries. Under the current system, the government provides subsidized food to everyone living below a poverty line. Under the new arrangement, households would be identified as â€Å"priority,† â€Å"general† or â€Å"excluded. Priority and general families would receive subsidized food at different prices (those classified as priority would get a larger benefit). Excluded households would receive no subsidized food. The bill does attempt to addres s the biggest shortcoming of the current system, which is that many of the poor do not get the subsidized food they are entitled to. One of the major concerns among nonprofit groups working with the poor, however, is that the money provided in lieu of food would go to the men of households, who might not use it to purchase food. How to cite Food Security Bill, Essays

Postmodernism Essay Research Paper With the end free essay sample

Postmodernism Essay, Research Paper With the terminal of colonialism and the outgrowth of a apparently new universe order, there raised a demand that research be utile and relevant, bespeaking that cognition for its ain interest was deficient. As a consequence of this, what emerged was a new focal point on # 8216 ; development # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; modernisation # 8217 ; in the signifier of postmodernism. In these altering times, anthropology has come into contact with a assortment of germinating constructs, including hybridity, collage, fluidness, and deconstruction. The inquiry remains, how these constructs reflect the societal, cultural and political alterations that are happening in survey of anthropology today. Postmodernism is an rational motion that promotes itself as the # 8216 ; antithesis # 8217 ; of modernism, ensuing from the intensification, radicalization, or transmutation of the procedures of modernness. ( Barfield, 368 ) The term was introduced in the late 1940 # 8217 ; s, nevertheless, the bend towards, if non the beginning of postmodernism in anthropology, can be traced to a individual publication: Writing Culture ( 1986 ) . It consisted of parts from nine bookmans, edited by Clifford and Marcus, and attempted to chalk out out the basic premiss of the postmodern position. ( Harris, 153 ) Anthropologist are forced to postulate with the alterations created by postmodernism in a assortment of ways, get downing with the challenge to anthropological authorization. It is felt by many that it is improbably chesty for anthropologists to presume that they have both the capacity and authorization to dissect, construe and depict the lives of people in other civilizations, given the power and wealth instability of the colonial yesteryear, go forthing the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; unable to talk for him/herself. This statement finds itself in the whole # 8216 ; West vs. Rest # 8217 ; spectrum, claiming that because of the nature in which traditional ethnologist where carried out, ex. Colonial, anglo- Whites, ect.. , that today, despite the multicultural and ethnically cognizant universe that we live in, that anthr opologists are non capable of unbiasedly and accurately bring forthing ethnographic work. In portion, there concern is founded. To my cognition, there rests no undocumented peoples on the planet, as such, ethnologies today focus on sub-group construction and social kineticss. Depending on the place that 1s takes the consequences can be really different. An illustration of this is the anthropological work that is done on Arab adult females. Arab adult females in the West are frequently perceived as voiceless victims of force and inequality. Though some do non bask the same degree of # 8217 ; societal constabularies # 8217 ; that adult females in the West bash, and in some instances adult females remain unvoiced victims of force as do some in the West, they maintain a strong household web which in many instances for over sees concerns about old age pensions and nutrient cast plans. There has besides been the addition in dialogical and polyvocal attacks, take a firm standing that ethnologies go a joint venture, with the anthropologist releasing their voice to supply equal room for the voices of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; . Ethnologies therefor, when done right, should move as a loanblend, fall ining the words of the ethnologist with the voices and experiences of the sources and perceivers. Despite the increasing credence of ethnologies as pieces of research, another characteristic, is the outgrowth of the descriptive anthropology as a piece of fiction. ( Barrett, 152 ) One of the more important developments of postmodernism has been the focal point on descriptive anthropology as a merchandise of authorship, which should be looked at as fictional, non in the sense of brand believe or fairytale, but in the sense created or fabricated. Therefore, a consequence of being written from the position of the ethnologist, perceptual experience takes off from world and f act, go forthing reading and in some instance, fabricated deceits. Following, postmodernism shifts the anthropological focal point on reading and intending instead than causality and behaviour. Culture is seen as a system of thoughts and symbols, with a composite of significances, and deally, it is the occupation of the anthropologist to fall in forces with the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; and construe it. This is where deconstruction and hermeneutics come into drama, as discussed by Derrida By assisting in the interruption down constructions to light concealed dimensions, this enables the research worker to grok the mode in which natives decode and understand their ain texts. More specifically, # 8220 ; deconstruction involves interrupting down # 8216 ; kernels # 8217 ; such as the household, female, and male into their single constituents in order to light the embedded dimensions of political orientation and power. ( Barrett, 153 ) There has besides been a tendency off from expansive theories and generalisations. Excusing meta-narratives, or meta-histories through which all things can be interpreted or represented, along with cosmopolitan and ageless truths, if they exist at all, can non be specified. ( Blackwell, 45 ) Alternatively, postmodernists are meant to stress the peculiar and single # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; ( or topics of survey ) and experience at easiness with the image of societal construction that is fragmented or disjoined. ( Barrett, 153 ) As a compliment to the insufficiency of positivism, there has been a renewed accent on relativism. Relativism, a philosophy pioneered by Boas, emphasizes the diverseness and singularity of each and every civilization. ( Barrett, 153 ) A kind of heterogeneousness of civilizations, stressing difference, advancing the lives of the other, instead than sameness, as a world of the multicultural # 8220 ; planetary planet # 8221 ; that we find ourselves in today. Th is in many manner seems like the # 8216 ; politically correct # 8217 ; attack, trying to set the wrongs of the past right through a run of valorization and glory of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; . Consequently, what we have seen as a consequence of the outgrowth of the postmodern political orientations is the creative activity of author-saturated instead than data-saturated ethnologies and secondly, the outgrowth of postmodernism as an empirical entity. Before postmodernism, an ethnology was judged by the quality of the informations and the elegance and trenchancy of the analysis. Since so, it has become the writer ( s ) who take the centre phase. # 8220 ; Anthropologists have moved from take a firm standing that the anthropologist stay out of the ethnology to holding the anthropologist # 8217 ; s presence dominate the descriptive anthropology # 8221 ; . ( Nader, 153 ) This strikes me as being rather odd. Much unfavorable judgment about ethnologies is that the presence of the ethnologist has a damaging consequence on the consequences of the survey and that the perceptual experiences obtained and recorded must be seen as fictional, with the enlargement of the ethnology being seen and a literary piece. How so can this captivation with anthropological authors be explained. In many instances, it is non a affair of the author being a portion of the survey itself, but instead playing a portion in the narrative. Traditional ethnologies were quantitatively based, and in many instances for the intent of research. Now, there is more of a concern towards amusement and to a certain extent, stating the narrative of a people to the reader, as such, the writer must prosecute in the lives of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; as to do it appealing to his reader, and pay the measures. Finally, a great trade of argument in the field of anthropology between those attracted and repelled by the postmodernists position, is the feasibleness and fluidness of the postmodern position and it # 8217 ; s influence. # 8220 ; The deduction is that postmodernism is simply another theoretical position dreamed up by wearied ( or possibly arch ) faculty members, with small connexion to people # 8217 ; s lives # 8221 ; . ( Barrett, 154 ) Though this statement has stood the trial of clip in respects to most theories and theoreticians, this is non the instance with postmodernism. Paralleling the development of postmodernism in anthropological idea, has been extended, # 8220 ; radical alterations in the empirical universe # 8221 ; . ( Barrett, 154 ) Postmodernism changed the manner in which anthropologists behavior research and compile surveies by altering the environments in which they work. It created new outlooks and criterions which in many ways were radically different from those introduced by traditional and modern anthropologists. Although postmodernism has undeniably had a important impact on anthropology, the wise spread credence and application has been hesitating. In general, it does keep some cardinal applications that are indispensable to the development of anthropological idea, but is so different from what has been traditional been taught that it may take awhile for the construct s to be accepted. With the terminal of colonialism and the outgrowth of a apparently new universe order, there raised a demand that research be utile and relevant, bespeaking that cognition for its ain interest was deficient. As a consequence of this, what emerged was a new focal point on # 8216 ; development # 8217 ; and # 8216 ; modernisation # 8217 ; in the signifier of postmodernism. In these altering times, anthropology has come into contact with a assortment of germinating constructs, including hybridity, collage, fluidness, and deconstruction. The inquiry remains, how these constructs reflect the societal, cultural and political alterations that are happening in survey of anthropology today. Postmodernism is an rational motion that promotes itself as the # 8216 ; antithesis # 8217 ; of modernism, ensuing from the intensification, radicalization, or transmutation of the procedures of modernness. ( Barfield, 368 ) The term was introduced in the late 1940 # 8217 ; s, nevertheless, the bend towards, if non the beginning of postmodernism in anthropology, can be traced to a individual publication: Writing Culture ( 1986 ) . It consisted of parts from nine bookmans, edited by Clifford and Marcus, and attempted to chalk out out the basic premiss of the postmodern position. ( Harris, 153 ) Anthropologist are forced to postulate with the alterations created by postmodernism in a assortment of ways, get downing with the challenge to anthropological authorization. It is felt by many that it is improbably chesty for anthropologists to presume that they have both the capacity and authorization to dissect, construe and depict the lives of people in other civilizations, given the pow er and wealth instability of the colonial yesteryear, go forthing the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; unable to talk for him/herself. This statement finds itself in the whole # 8216 ; West vs. Rest # 8217 ; spectrum, claiming that because of the nature in which traditional ethnologist where carried out, ex. Colonial, anglo- Whites, ect.. , that today, despite the multicultural and ethnically cognizant universe that we live in, that anthropologists are non capable of unbiasedly and accurately bring forthing ethnographic work. In portion, there concern is founded. To my cognition, there rests no undocumented peoples on the planet, as such, ethnologies today focus on sub-group construction and social kineticss. Depending on the place that 1s takes the consequences can be really different. An illustration of this is the anthropological work that is done on Arab adult females. Arab adult females in the West are frequently perceived as voiceless victims of force and inequality. Though some do non bask the same degree of # 8217 ; societal constabularies # 8217 ; that adult females in the West bash, and in some instances adult females remain unvoiced victims of force as do some in the West, they maintain a strong household web which in many instances for over sees concerns about old age pensions and nutrient cast plans. There has besides been the addition in dialogical and polyvocal attacks, take a firm standing that ethnologies go a joint venture, with the anthropologist releasing their voice to supply equal room for the voices of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; . Ethnologies therefor, when done right, should move as a loanblend, fall ining the words of the ethnologist with the voices and experiences of the sources and perceivers. Despite the increasing credence of ethnologies as pieces of research, another characteristic, is the outgrowth of the descriptive anthropology as a piece of fiction. ( Barrett, 152 ) One of the more important developments of postmodernism has been the focal point on descriptive anthropology as a merchandise of authorship, which should be looked at as fictional, non in the sense of brand believe or fairytale, but in the sense created or fabricated. Therefore, a consequence of being written from the position of the ethnologist, perceptual experience takes off from world and f act, go forthing reading and in some instance, fabricated deceits. Following, postmodernism shifts the anthropological focal point on reading and intending instead than causality and behaviour. Culture is seen as a system of thoughts and symbols, with a composite of significances, and deally, it is the occupation of the anthropologist to fall in forces with the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; and construe it. This is where deconstruction and hermeneutics come into drama, as discussed by Derrida By assisting in the interruption down constructions to light concealed dimensions, this enables the research worker to grok the mode in which natives decode and understand their ain texts. More specifically, # 8220 ; deconstruction involves interrupting down # 8216 ; kernels # 8217 ; such as the household, female, and male into their single constituents in order to light the embedded dimensions of political orientation and power. ( Barrett, 153 ) There has besides been a tendency off from expansive theories and generalisations. Excusing meta-narratives, or meta-histories through which all things can be interpreted or represented, along with cosmopolitan and ageless truths, if they exist at all, can non be specified. ( Blackwell, 45 ) Alternatively, postmodernists are meant to stress the peculiar and single # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; ( or topics of survey ) and experience at easiness with the image of societal construction that is fragmented or disjoined. ( Barrett, 153 ) As a compliment to the insufficiency of positivism, there has been a renewed accent on relativism. Relativism, a philosophy pioneered by Boas, emphasizes the diverseness and singularity of each and every civilization. ( Barrett, 153 ) A kind of heterogeneousness of civilizations, stressing difference, advancing the lives of the other, instead than sameness, as a world of the multicultural # 8220 ; planetary planet # 8221 ; that we find ourselves in today. Th is in many manner seems like the # 8216 ; politically correct # 8217 ; attack, trying to set the wrongs of the past right through a run of valorization and glory of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; . Consequently, what we have seen as a consequence of the outgrowth of the postmodern political orientations is the creative activity of author-saturated instead than data-saturated ethnologies and secondly, the outgrowth of postmodernism as an empirical entity. Before postmodernism, an ethnology was judged by the quality of the informations and the elegance and trenchancy of the analysis. Since so, it has become the writer ( s ) who take the centre phase. # 8220 ; Anthropologists have moved from take a firm standing that the anthropologist stay out of the ethnology to holding the anthropologist # 8217 ; s presence dominate the descriptive anthropology # 8221 ; . ( Nader, 153 ) This strikes me as being rather odd. Much unfavorable judgment about ethnologies is that the presence of the ethnologist has a damaging consequence on the consequences of the survey and that the perceptual experiences obtained and recorded must be seen as fictional, with the enlargement of the ethnology being seen and a literary piece. How so can this captivation with anthropological authors be explained. In many instances, it is non a affair of the author being a portion of the survey itself, but instead playing a portion in the narrative. Traditional ethnologies were quantitatively based, and in many instances for the intent of research. Now, there is more of a concern towards amusement and to a certain extent, stating the narrative of a people to the reader, as such, the writer must prosecute in the lives of the # 8216 ; other # 8217 ; as to do it appealing to his reader, and pay the measures. Finally, a great trade of argument in the field of anthropology between those attracted and repelled by the postmodernists position, is the feasibleness and fluidness of the postmodern position and it # 8217 ; s influence. # 8220 ; The deduction is that postmodernism is simply another theoretical position dreamed up by wearied ( or possibly arch ) faculty members, with small connexion to people # 8217 ; s lives # 8221 ; . ( Barrett, 154 ) Though this statement has stood the trial of clip in respects to most theories and theoreticians, this is non the instance with postmodernism. Paralleling the development of postmodernism in anthropological idea, has been extended, # 8220 ; radical alterations in the empirical universe # 8221 ; . ( Barrett, 154 ) Postmodernism changed the manner in which anthropologists behavior research and compile surveies by altering the environments in which they work. It created new outlooks and criterions which in many ways were radically different from those introduced by traditional and modern anthropologists. Although postmodernism has undeniably had a important impact on anthropology, the wise spread credence and application has been hesitating. In general, it does keep some cardinal applications that are indispensable to the development of anthropological idea, but is so different from what has been traditional been taught that it may take awhile for the constructs to be accepted.

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now

10 Top Companies Hiring Part-Time Workers Right Now Looking for a part-time job? Summer is coming, school is out, and you need a gig to earn money and fill your summer days. Here are 10 of the top companies hiring the most part-time workers to their books at the moment. 1. The Vitamin ShoppeThis company boasts happy employees, salaries above average, and progressive policies and benefits, and has a focus on customer service rather than sales numbers. The Vitamin Shoppe has nearly 2,000 part-time openings.2. ChipotleThis gig comes with a flexible schedule, a laid-back atmosphere, and decent food (organic meats!). With over 1,500 restaurants in 45 states, this â€Å"fast casual† spot has over 1,400 part-time openings at present.3. Bayada Home Health CareProviding one-on-one nursing and other health care in 25 states, this company has over 1,100 part-time openings and tons of satisfied employees.4. UPSDelivering 15 million packages per day and employing hundreds of thousands in the United States and globally, this company boasts o ver 1,000 part-time openings and a challenging, interesting work environment.5. Liberty Tax ServicesWith a whopping 5,114 part-time openings, this company helps low-income employees and small businesses with thousands of branches around the world. Also good job security and generally positive employee reviews.6. Macy’sWith over 3,000 part-time openings and branches all over the country, this retail giant also hires seasonal employees that can occasionally transition into full-time work.7. MarketSource JobsWith an HQ in Georgia and nearly 3,000 part-time openings to assist companies with marketing strategy, training, and sales, this kind of job would be great for you if you were suited to sales in general: i.e. you’re personable, upbeat, and have a can-do attitude.8. United Health GroupWork in health insurance, which can help you transition into jobs in accounting or business or economics. There are more than  1,200 part-time openings, and according to employees, ther e’s a great  work-life balance.9. Vector MarketingLove knives? Great at sales? This company is owned by Cutco, famous for great cutlery. They have more than 1,900 part-time openings. Deal closers apply!10. FirestoneThis company isn’t going anywhere anytime soon. It’s one of the oldest American tire/repair companies and has more than 1,600 locations nationwide. Employees report good camaraderie and higher-than-average compensation. More 1,000 part-time openings await!

Malayalam Essays

Malayalam Essays Malayalam Essays Malayalam Essays A Malayalam essay can be written in Malayalam or in English-about Kerala. The length should normally cover one thousand five hundred words. Malayalam essays can be written around topics such as Keralas history or political and economy issues. The rich cultural heritage as well as topography of Kerala which is a state in southern India-gives plenty of scope for writing a first class essay. Malayalam essays can focus on topics such as:Marginalized communities The growth of communism Malayalam films Classical dance forms like the KathakalliMalayalam literatureThe history A good introduction to Malayalam essays can examine how Kerala was formed on the first of November 1956 to unite all the areas that predominantly spoke in the Malayalam language. Kerala covers thirty eight thousand square kilometers and is flanked by the Arabian Sea, Tamilnadu and Karanataka. Its major cities include Cochin and Calicut. The Europeans landed on this historical point and opened up t he trade route to India. The spice trade as well as the enormous and lush coconut groves as well as water ways have greatly contributed to the checkered culture of the region. A tourists paradise Malayalam essays can highlight the fact that there is so much for tourists to do and see in Kerala. They can enjoy Ayurvedic treatments that include special massaging techniques that have been passed down for generations, boat-rides on its famous backwaters or bask on her wide beaches. The people of Kerala are highly educated and it is said that many of its bus drivers hold doctorate degrees. Malayalam essays can touch on the fact that the growth of communism as well as the concept of the dignity of labor has meant that few people are ready or willing to pick coconuts or work as domestic helpers in homes for less than exorbitant rates. Points to highlight Highest literacy rate in India-91% The least corrupt state in India Increasing affluence due to NRIs from Kerala that are working in the Persian gulf. The culture of Kerala includes the literature of Bhakti saints in the medieval times Rare forms of martial arts like Klaripayat To conclude Malayalam essays can stress on the natural abundance of Malayalam flora, fauna, literature, dance and films or one can write an essay on the language of Malayalam itself that is probably one of the oldest written languages of the world.

Stages of Business development Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stages of Business development - Research Paper Example DISCUSSION Stage 1: Existence -This stage can be duly considered as the initial phase of a business wherein a new thought or an idea is developed for starting up a new enterprise. This stage includes various aspects such as emerging challenges of market acceptance, creating a distinctive business focus and sourcing of capital to enter into diverse markets among others. In relation to this particular stage, businesses may often face a problem concerning gaining greater satisfaction level of customers as well as delivering end products. Businesses or establishment in the existence stage thrive for raising customer acceptance and amplifying business reputation. Companies like Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. and Apple Inc. are planning to launch new products or appliances for the customers in future. This can be duly considered as a new business idea which may provide with lot of valuable inputs to the overall mobile and telephony industry by a certain degree (Churchill and Lewis, â€Å"T he Five Stages of Small Business Growth†). Thus, Samsung and Apple can fit into this stage. Stage 2: Survival -This stage is mainly applicable for those businesses that have been able to survive in this competitive landscape. In this stage, a particular company actually takes the higher leap of development as well as growth in the competitive market in full motion. This phase provides a business with numerous opportunities in terms of earning significant profits and also creating a positive image in front of the customers. For instance, nutrition based company i.e. The Kellogg Company had achieved considerable amount of growth and is still surviving in this competitive landscape. This might be owing to the reason of offering better product quality and cheaper product price among others (Churchill and Lewis, â€Å"The Five Stages of Small Business Growth†). Thus, Kellogg’s can fit into this stage. Stage 3: Success- It is a particular stage wherein every business s trives to attain. In this phase, a business becomes quite mature and acquires a powerful position in the market. This stage eventually makes a business to attain a favorable position in front of the consumers with regard to goodwill and brand image. For instance, companies like Cadbury and Nestle S.A. have established themselves as premier chocolate varieties resulting in gaining greater success in this competitive business setting (Churchill and Lewis, â€Å"The Five Stages of Small Business Growth†). Thus, Cadbury and Nestle can fit into this stage. Stage 4: Take-off -In this particular stage, a company looks forward to enter into new business dimensions with prime objective of increasing its profitability and brand image and thus endeavors to achieve a take-off position. Considering, this particular stage, a new market segment or a portion of an existing establishment ensures to achieve growth and profit by implementing effectual marketing strategies (Sullivan 1-40). For e xample, the company i.e. Frito-Lay is undergoing its expansion stage as the company is introducing new variances in the flavor of its flagship product i.e. Potato Chips. By introducing new flavors in its product, the company wants to cater to huge figure of consumers and also to achieve higher growth rate in the global business markets (Churchill and Lewis, â€Å"The Five Stages of Small Business Growth†). Thus, Frito-Lay can fit into this stage. Stage 5: Resource maturity - It is a particul

W3HIAEffective project management in an organizational context Assignment

W3HIAEffective project management in an organizational context - Assignment Example 4. Outline Methods That You Would Consider In Building an Effective Project Team 6 References 7 Q.1. Evaluate How the Different Project Interface (I.E., With Rest of the Organisation and With the Outside World) Are Different When Managing A Virtual Project Team Compared To Managing A ‘Collocated’ Project Team Project management is regarded as one of the crucial activities of an organisation which tends to plan, organize and execute available resources towards the attainment of organisational targets. This particular approach can also be seen in Starbucks Corporation wherein the company develops both virtual and collocated teams for ensuring smooth conduct of effective project management related practices within the organisation. However, the organisation has the need to develop different strategies in order to maintain the two aforementioned teams. In managing virtual project team, the organisation needs to manage goals, build effectual communication and keep people moti vated in a diverse way. Setting clear goals is important in managing virtual teams for the purpose of facilitating the teams to clarify any sort of doubt. Additionally, proper communication is also a key variable which can be used in managing virtual teams in the context of project management. ... The company manages these teams through analyzing their daily activities (Trautsch, 2003). Q. 2. Synthesize Views from Your Wider Academic Reading on How You Might Best Communicate and Coordinate Your Virtual Project Team As mentioned in the above discussion, proper communication is one of the vital variables which is quite useful in managing a virtual project team effectively. It can be affirmed in this similar concern that proper communication can be possible with the adherence of certain useful approaches in dealing with virtual project team. One of the approaches is the implementation of electronic communication which includes e-mail and telecommunication among others. Through this approach, the organisation needs to interact periodically with virtual team members which will ensure building proper communication. Furthermore, the approach of communication will also include building greater relationship of trust with the virtual team members along with clearly stating them about th e expectations of the organisation. Apart from this, the organisation will also need to adopt effective communication techniques that involve less time. Coordination is a problem in virtual project team as the team is not located close to the organisation on a regular basis. In order to strengthen this aspect, the organisation needs to design its project clearly and precisely. It is also important that virtual team understands what the actual needs of the project and how to proceed for the same. This will ensure forming greater coordination amid every member of the virtual project teams (Witthaus & et. al., 2008). Q.3. Comment in Your Paper on the Relevance of the Problems and Suggestions Shown On Page 232. Show How Your Wider

Functionalism, Emile Durkheim 1858-1917

Functionalism, Emile Durkheim 1858-1917 Emile Durkheim is a founding father of Structural-Consensus Theory known as Functionalism. This theory looks as society as a whole, known in sociology as a Macro theory due to not looking at individuals or individual problems but at society as a group or sub cultures. Durkheim would argue that society was characterised by an existence of order, control and constraint of individuals,à ¯Ã†â€™Ã… ¸need to reference with the individual being viewed as less important than the entire group as a whole. It is a Logical and Systematic analysis: It treats us all as being the same and offers no explanation for differences. It explains how society has maintained its existence over time and it tries to influence the children of tomorrow by forcing past beliefs and decisions on them. Durkheim believes socialisation is important to keep society functioning well and that we should pass our rules, norms and values through generations and change nothing to maintain social stability. Durkheim theorises that we all depend on each other and our institutions need each other in order to survive, this is known as Interdependence. Durkheim explains this by his Organic Analogy, for example like the human body if the heart stops working it has a knock on effect onto the lungs, brain and the rest of the organs. This theory can be observed within the recent happenings of the global financial crisis which caused the threat and total collapse of the worlds largest financial institutions; so when the major banks actually did collapse it had a negative effect on the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and damaged employment, education, housing, borrowing and private business around the world. Functionalist theory has weaknesses as it assumes everyone has the same choices and decisions to make in life when in actual fact rich people have more options than poor people: if we consider different nations we observe that poor people in Africa can only afford to eat one bowl of porridge a day whereas rich people in America can eat five times a day whatever they want, also some countries only offer boys education when in other countries education is compulsory for both males and females. It states that we have no free will and that our paths in life are set out for us by our genealogy, meaning the traits and genetics we inherit from our ancestors. Another negative of this theory is it does not explain conflict in our society and does not accept that we are all different and states when people disagree with the consensus they are classed as being dysfunctional, this is unfair to those people as they could form a sub group within our society yet are unable to have a voice or share their opinion for example a functionalist would argue that Gay relationships dont fit in with the nuclear family ideal as a functionalist society these people and their beliefs are excluded and their differences ignored. Marxism Karl Marx (1818-1883) Marxism theory is known in sociology as a Structural Conflict theory like the functionalist theory it looks at society as a whole and the structure of society such as the institutions that keep society stable. However the Marxist theory focuses on the different conflicts that happen within society mainly between the classes. As Marx explains, the predominant class conflict within society occurs between the proletariat (lower class) and the bourgeoisies (upper class). Marx argues that this is due to the bourgeoisie being the owners of production; they therefore own the means to create work by owning the tools, material, trade and stability for their workers. This creates requirement of the bourgeoisie for the proletariat as they require the trade, work and wages in order to feed their families. However the tension is created due to the proletariat being low paid with usually bad standards of work environment and long hours of work. The workers were made to work hard and meet targets every day in order to turn a profit for the owners of production knowing that if their work wasnt up to scratch or they disobeyed the rules they could lose their jobs, the bourgeoisie knew they could replace a worker quiet easily so had the power to make these decisions without thought for the workers. This relationship as Marx describes is reliant on each other and is apparent within all aspects of the economy even today in our present society. Due to such high unempl oyment and an economy in recession, wages and salaries have been frozen for a few years now and not rising with inflation causing more tension between the lower class and upper classes of society and government. Marx explains that this relationship was/is oppressive to the working class individuals due to the low wages, the working classes are restricted in their social mobility as well as their ability to move up through the academic or employment ladder. This is almost certainly relevant in todays society for example mortgages are only available to a small margin of those able to pay large deposits to secure loans and in England educational attainment comes at a high price. Marxist sociologists believe that the education system has been designed and constructed as a training ground for the children of the proletariat. It is dominated by the ruling class to socialize them to accept that individual competition and inevitable inequality is the only system that works. For Marxists this is a powerful form of social control that will legitimise the capitalists economic forms of production and the legitimate political leadership of a capitalist ruling class (hegemony) with this Marxists do not be lieve that the education system provides equal opportunities for the children, even though it comes across as fair and equal, children are often split into groups based on merit and ability. Marxist sociologists would refer to the learning of rules, norms, routines and regulations as the hidden curriculum, Marxists see this as a way of reinforcing the class system to ensure, that pupils learn the skills more suited to their class background. Marx fully believed that in order for this relationship to change that the masses had to come together to overthrow the bourgeoisie from power and take control to make it a fairer society (socialism). Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim Within sociology, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim have played very influential parts when it comes to looking at society and its structure. They both adopted a structural position from which they saw society as a system made up of similar parts and they believe that culture is as crucial to identity as socialisation. Both believed the social structure controlled the individual through socialisation of values, Durkheim thought positive of this situation, whereas Marx felt this was negative. Karl Marx believed that religious values and beliefs are the basis for the values and beliefs within society. Marx believed that order was achieved through unequal power relations between the bourgeoisie and the proletariat in which the bourgeoisie control the environment and the conditions (economic determinism) that the proletariat are consigned to earn in order to live. This is referring to a capitalist society, where the working class individuals work to a set of rules and guidelines in return for a wage, however turning a higher profit for the owner than what they earn. Marx argues that these roles between the classes are oppressive, exploited, alienated and constrained by the ruling class and believes that revolutionary change would only be possible and take place when the working classes are fully aware of these conditions in which they live, he also believes that the bourgeoisie are the controllers of culture since the economic forces determine everything else and use the sup er structure of society for their own purpose including religion, education and rules. Marx refers to this as a movement from a class in itself to a class for its self, however, before the working class can become a class for itself they need the development of a class identity, the realities and the problems of society are largely hidden from them this Marx states is an illusionary world in which they live and is referred to as a state of false class consciousness in society. This is the aim of Marxist sociology; to exploit and show society for what it really is, by doing so would be to create true class consciousness. For Emile Durkheim, who believed that individual identity was a problem or an issue for society as a whole and if restricted, harmony and social order could continue.

Racism and Ethnic Discrimination Essay

Particular sectors of the population that are considered inferior based on their ethnic identities have limited socio-economic mobility and limited access to political participation, and for this reason the organization of current society reflects a situation of structural racism, which in turn perpetuates inequality. The phenomenon of institutionalized racism is covert, and is falsely considered something of the past instead of as an ongoing process that is real, still in force, and continually reproduced in social relations. While the fight against racism advances, expressions of racism become more sophisticated,4 and it intensifies other discrimination based on gender, age, geographic origin, or socio-economic status. 5 The ideology of racism is institutionalized by the State, as power and access is granted to certain groups based on the recognition of a superior culture. Racism then persists in the attitudes held by those with a voice in shaping laws, public policies, and programs, and therefore becomes imposed on the institutions and interactions that shape everyday life. One aspect that makes the analysis of racism and discrimination more complex is the fact that Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities have internalized and accepted the racist structures, often reproducing those structures in their own relations. Stigmas held by certain groups against others create hierarchies that are inextricably linked to physical and cultural traits such as skin color, â€Å"grade† or â€Å"purity† of blood, clothing, and language and accents. At the international level there have been significant advances in the instruments and international mechanisms of protection and defense of the rights of Indigenous and Afro-descendent peoples. The Inter-American System of Human Rights is a notable advancement is the construction of jurisprudence on the collective rights, as well as the instruments and mechanisms established in the United Nations system. Nicaragua has ratified the Convention for the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (CERD), however, it does not fulfill its commitments with respect to providing periodic information. After a complex history of external colonization that maintains Nicaragua divided in two socio-cultural realities, in the last few years a process of juridical and political recognition of multiculturalism has initiated. 6 These measures however have not contributed to transforming the State, or to guaranteeing equal opportunities of access in the construction of democracy. The central problem continues to be the form and behavior removal or diminishment of recognition, enjoyment, or exercise, under equal conditions, of human rights and fundamental liberties in political, economic, social, cultural spheres, or any other sphere of public life. 3 UN Special Rapporteur on Indigenous Peoples and CODISRA. JUN POP TIJONIK. 2006. 4 Francisco Cali. CERD Expert, Guatemala. 2006. 5 The Guatemala Human Development Report (2005), analyses the concept of social stratification, which gives evidence of the asymmetries with respect to access to development for Indigenous and Afro-descendent Peoples, having to do with difference that go beyond socioeconomic factors, and that moreover, reinforce ethnic subordination. UNDP, Guatemala. 2005. 6 This is a doctrine based on the explicit recognition of cultural diversity is established in conformance with equality of citizenship. It recognizes the existence of collectives that are historically and culturally different from the cultural group that has been in power, to which once recognized, the collective cultural rights will be guaranteed, incorporating them in laws and state institutions and creating public policies to manage the diversity. Multiculturalism facilitates the culture and the identity that are constituted in main axes of political rights and duties. 5 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 of the National State: mono-ethnic, exclusionary in its concept of citizenship and in the distribution of goods and services. The Mestizo project of the national State continues to identify the administrative structure and resources of the State with an ethnic group, its cultures, and values. Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities in the Autonomous Regions, Pacific, and Central-Northern region continue to be discriminated against. Racism and inter-ethnic conflict in Nicaragua continues to be a daily reality in the lives of Indigenous and Afro-descendent people. New threats linked to globalization and internal migration also exacerbate the conflicts. Despite advances in the Indigenous and ethnic movement, as well as increased recognition of rights, it is evident that to fight against these forces there must be greater commitment, as indicated by one of the subjects interviewed for the study: â€Å"We need to operate from a feeling of the value of others and the recognition of our Miskitu, Mayangna, and Kriole brothers and sisters as human beings—as individuals that have their own values, which are worth the same as mine†¦ I need to see [others] as human beings with whom I must live, and therefore, with whom I have to create an environment of empathy where we see each other as people fighting together to move forward †¦ and for this, we will need to change our ways of feeling, thinking, and acting †¦ we will need to have concrete goals†¦to move forward hand in hand as Costenos and as Costenas †¦ and this is possible. †7 This report seeks to describe racism in a way that documents a range of experiences of discrimination, in all spheres of life. Perhaps the outlook presented here will seem quite negative, as most of the subjects interviewed were skeptical that any governmental or nongovernmental organizations are taking steps to address the problems—nor were they confident that the situation would change in the near future. Since racist and colonial structures still exist in all corners of the world, unfortunately there are few examples of anything more than incremental changes in the past few years, decades, or even centuries. However, the intention of this report is not to showcase a list of complaints, nor to assign blame to any particular group or institution. Instead, this study operates under the possibility that the process of documenting experiences of racism and discrimination can facilitate communication across sectors, and can be the first step toward taking affirmative actions to combat the ideology and practice of racism. Thus, like other documents— reports, laws, declarations, treaties—this study can only be a starting point. The real work begins when, armed with consciousness and the will to change, people choose to undertake the task of struggling together for progress. 7 Interview with Benalicia Lucas, 2 October, 2006. 6 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 2. STRUCTURE AND METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY This study was conducted with the support of Diakonia, a Swedish international cooperation agency whose mission is to promote the respect and exercise of all the human rights of all people and to contribute to the democratization of societies for the strengthening of a democratic culture. The study carried out the objective of analyzing and systematizing racism as an ideology and an everyday practice in Nicaragua. The specific objectives were the following: 1. To establish and explain briefly the connection between racism, external colonialism and internal colonialism. 2. To characterize racism against Indigenous Peoples, Garifunas, and Afrodescendents in Nicaragua, in the cultural, social, economic, legal, and political spheres. 3. To describe the current situation and trends of the phenomenon of racism. 4. To analyze and evaluate the types of demands of the affected groups to combat racism, the affirmative actions to be taken, and the role of organized civil society in this process. 5. To analyze and evaluate the actions from the State in relation to racism at the national, regional, and international levels, identifying political strategies, programs to raise awareness, and potential results. 2. 1 Scope and methodology. The study was carried out at the national level, covering the North and South Atlantic Autonomous Regions, Indigenous Communities of the Pacific and CentralNorthern region, and Managua. Qualitative and participatory methods were used to collect the data for the study, complemented by a literature review. The methodology seeks to identify the ways in which racism manifests itself on a daily basis in the lives of Indigenous Peoples, Krioles, and Garifunas in Nicaragua. Semi-structured interviews and focus groups were held with key individuals and organizations in Bilwi, Bluefields, Managua, Sutiaba, Leon, Nindiri, and Sebaco, as well as with Regional Autonomous Councils. A guide of questions was used for each interview and focus group, and is included at the end of this report (see: â€Å"Instruments Utilized. †) We recognize that knowledge of the historical construction of race in Nicaragua is indispensable to a complete understanding of the current situation; however, we consider that beyond the scope of this study. Moreover, it is important to note that policies of the State or of other institutions are by no means static. Portrayed in this study are the impressions of a variety of people based on trends and overall tendencies in the daily experience of racism, but we do not to pretend to represent all the facets of this theme, since we understand that there are other experiences and challenges that exist in Nicaragua. 7 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 Similarly, it is important to take into account the context of human development and well being in order to appreciate the full extent of the challenges faced by Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendents in Nicaragua. However, this report does not present extensive data on social, political, economic, or cultural well-being, and only refers to those indicators when directly relevant to expressions of racial discrimination or to examples of institutionalized racism. It is important to highlight that one of the limitations is the absence of a system of national statistical information with disaggregation by ethnicity or culturally relevant indicators, which makes it difficult to make comparisons. Finally, no ethnic group should be perceived as monolithic, as there is as much diversity in each group as there are shared characteristics. To assign a rigid set of values or perspectives to any ethnic group comes perilously close to contributing to institutionalized racism, as one of the basic traits of all ethnic groups is that, because they are made up of people, they are full of inconsistencies, paradoxes, and contradictions. Indeed, ethnicity is but one of many identities that we use to define ourselves, along with nationality, geographic origin, age, religion, physical and mental ability, gender, and sexual orientation. It is the intersections of these identities that determine the experience that we live as specific persons and Peoples. The report has been organized in the following order: In the first two chapters there is an introduction, the objectives are defined, and the scope and methodological aspects of the study are presented. In the third chapter the themes of racism and discrimination are analyzed using an approach based in individual and collective human rights, and concludes with various notes related to ethnic identity. In the fourth chapter the historical process of racism and ethnic discrimination in Nicaragua is analyzed in light of processes of external and internal colonization. It concludes with a discussion of new forms of colonization that Indigenous and Afrodescendent Peoples confront. In the fifth chapter the diverse forms and manifestations of ethnic discrimination in cultural, social, economic, juridical-legal, and political spheres are presented. In the sixth chapter the principal demands of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendent communities are presented. In the following chapter there is an assessment of the responses that the State and various other actors have given to fight against racism and ethnic discrimination. In the last chapters conclusions and recommendations of the study are presented. 8 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 3. RACISM AND INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE HUMAN RIGHTS For the analysis of discrimination for ethnic and racial motivations we have considered it appropriate to use a human rights approach. The basic premise of this approach is that a society free from discrimination should permit people to live with dignity and achieve the highest levels of humanity guaranteed by the body of international human rights laws. This requires the recognition that Indigenous Peoples and Afrodescendent communities are subjects with individual and collective rights derived from their specific historical and cultural characteristics, and that a result of racism those Peoples have not had that recognition nor conditions to exercise their human rights. Indigenous Peoples define themselves as the descendents of the original inhabitants before the formation of States that, independently of their size or level of development, maintain cultural characteristics, cosmovisions, spirituality, and harmonious relationship with nature and are guided by their own forms of organization, customs, and traditions. 8 In the case of Nicaragua, this is understood by Indigenous people as â€Å"the human collective that maintains a historic continuity with societies before colonialism, whose social, cultural, and economic conditions distinguish them from other sectors of national society, and whom are governed totally or partially by their own customs and traditions. †9 In the case of ethnic communities, these are understood as the combination of families of Afro-Caribbean ancestry that share the same ethnic consciousness, through their culture, values, and traditions, linked to the cultural roots and forms of ownership of land and natural resources. 10 Article 5 of the Political Constitution of Nicaragua establishes ethnic pluralism as a principle of the nation, and that the State recognizes the existence of â€Å"Indigenous Peoples† and indicates among their special rights â€Å"maintaining and developing their identity and culture, having their own forms of social organization, administrating their local affairs, maintaining their communal forms of property of their lands, and the enjoyment and use of those lands. † These concepts do not necessarily imply that those characteristics are static, or that a certain sample could represent the extensive diversity and forms of organization, or the distinct demands of the Afro-descendent Peoples and communities in Nicaragua. As the process of reconstructing individual and collective identities and the international and national recognition of collective rights have advanced, the members of Indigenous communities have begun to recover and live in their everyday and public lives their specific collective identities: Rama, Sumu-Mayangna, Miskitu, Chorotega, and others. Each People has more specific cultural characteristics, others that have been adapted, and others shared. ILO Convention 169. Law 445 on Property and Communal Lands. The law defines the term Indigenous community as the combination of families from Amerindian ancestry established in a territorial space that share feelings of identification, linked to the past aborigines of their indigenous people and that maintain an identity and their own values of a traditional culture, as well as forms of ownership and communal use of lands, and of their own social organization. 10 Ibid. 8 9 9 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 The concept of a People is linked to the international right established in the International Convention on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the International Convention on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) and has been incorporated, without qualification, 11 in the UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples adopted by the UN Human Rights Council in June 2006. Convention 169 of the International Labour Organization is however the only binding instrument that refers specifically to Indigenous Peoples and tribes. In addition to the United Nations, the Organization of American States has initiated a discussion on the project of the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, and through a variety of considerations, observations, and recommendations, has advanced the international juridical rules referring to Indigenous Peoples. The commission and the Inter-American Court of Human Rights has also had a notable process of constructing jurisprudence on collective rights within the InterAmerican system. Indigenous Peoples possess collective rights based on their historical rights and collective cultural identity, which are indispensable to their existence, well-being, and development as peoples. 12 Collective rights are human rights of the third generation that are derived from their political, social, and cultural structures, spiritual traditions, histories, and philosophy. It is also important to highlight that among collective rights are the rights to self-determination and autonomy, which are expressed through the right to conserve and their own political, juridical, economic, social, and cultural institutions, while maintaining their right to participate fully, if they desire, in the political, economic, social, and cultural life of the State from the local to the national level. 13 These rights are linked to the territorial right based on historical and ancestral usufruct, and access to the enjoyment, use and benefit from natural resources. 14 The central element in the debate on collective rights of Indigenous Peoples has been the recognition of their collective rights as peoples, and the consequent rights that are derived from that recognition. Because of the close relationship between collective rights and identity as Peoples, individual and collective identity is a process of reconstruction that depends on the degree of oppression that is confronted, the degree of cohesion of the group, their level of coordination with the grassroots, and their relations with the rest of society. Afro-descendent communities, based on their distinct ethnicity15 and the conditions of colonization, racism, and social exclusion that have been imposed on them, are subjects of collective rights. For them it has been very complex to obtain recognition of The text of the Universal Declaration adopted on June 29, 2006 by the Human Rights Council goes beyond the concept of Indigenous Peoples included in the ILO Convention 169, since it is not limited to the domain of States, and in this sense it is equal to what is established in the first paragraph of the ICCPR and ICESCR. 12 The definition of the rights of peoples is in the framework of the ICCPR and the ICESCR. 13 Universal Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples, Human Rights Council, United Nations. 29 June 2006. A/HRC/I/L. 10 14 Ruling in the case of Awas Tingni, Inter-American Court of Human Rights. 15 An ethnic group is one that shares common cultural characteristics and whose members recognize themselves as part of a group for reasons of relationship, solidarity, or culture. They share a name that they identify with common ancestry, historical memory, common cultural elements (religion, language, customs), and a sense of solidarity. In the case of Afrodescendents in the region, only the Garifunas share the sense of connection to the land and territory. 11 10 of 104 Racism and Ethnic Discrimination in Nicaragua November 2006 their distinct identity, because it has been associated with derogatory prejudices and the lack of clear forms of communal and cultural organization of their communities. However, the discrimination that these communities suffer is high and generally hidden. 16 The black communities, descendents of African slaves and workers of Caribbean islands as a result of the policy of colonization by the English during the 17th and 18th centuries, maintain certain common characteristics, such as their roots in African ancestry, their history of being uprooted and of slavery, and their specific customs, values, and traditions. 17 They are basically concentrated in two groups: the Garifunas and the Krioles. 3. 1 A note on cultural and ethnic identity. Ethnic identity is dynamic and complex, and can evolve over one’s lifetime according to a variety of factors, which may be incorporated consciously or unconsciously into one’s identity. It is affirmed by various elements that an individual defines for herself or himself as the criteria for a sense of belonging to a certain group, such as a set of shared values, attitudes, lifestyles, and/or customs. Similarly, cultural identity is formed based on a common ancestry, a shared historical memory, a connection to a native land, and/or common practices such as religion, language, traditions, and customs, which result in a feeling of solidarity. Each cultural group is further defined by its differentiation from others, based on cultural markers (such as language or clothing), and other attitudes and practices that are associated with a particular social group. In Nicaragua there is a mixture of shared ethnicities and cultures. Therefore, race and ethnicity cannot be defined based on blood, skin color, or physical traits, but rather, are based on the way in which one self-identifies based on a variety of cultural, social, and political factors. 18 For example, the construction of identity in the Autonomous Regions has been defined through contacts with external and internal colonization, in different historical moments, from the first contact with the English in the mid-17th century, up to the current migration of poor rural people from the central region of Nicaragua that is advancing with the agricultural frontier to the coastal regions. In addition to the specific identities of each people and community, there is also a â€Å"costena† identity promoted by these communities as a strategy of survival. 19. Racial and ethnic discrimination is the daily manifestation of racism that is expressed through behaviors differentiated according to the origin of a person. It occurs in personal relations and at each moment, but it also occurs in the institutional domain, where it is expressed in ideological constructions with which one has grown up, lived with, and been educated. Because of the fact of being internalized, it is expressed through laws, public policies, and forms of organization that are adopted by institutions within the State, as well as cooperation agencies, civil society, families, and educational centers. Its effects are both individual and collective, and in the case of Indigenous Peoples and Afro-descendents it is expressed through the violation of their collective rights. 17 UNDP, Regional Human Development Report, 1999. 18 In the case of the Autonomous Regions, Law 28 recognizes ethnic self-identification as a right. 19 Similar processes have been documented in other similar contexts where there are negotiations and repositioning of actors that use symbols, and defend diverse cultural values in contexts of domination and resistance. Ong, (1999) 16.